Scholars in the cerebral cortex, according to the census, histologic cell types and arranged and myelinated nerve fibers with cloth and so on, the difference of the brain cortex made zoning maps. Different scholars have different partition method, the more commonly used is Brodmann (1909), the method of zoning cerebral cortex, and into the area 52 of numerals.
Although cortical neurons
Is layered, but on order cortical brain structure and function, the researchers found the cortical cells are arranged in a vertical cylindrical vertical column, says this is vertical (on). Vertical column may constitute the basic function of the cerebral cortex, such as the unit of a vertical column somatosensory cortex in neurons. With the same or similar to the wild,
Namely the feeling around the same type of neuron all around stimulation. With vertical column throughout the whole cortex thickness and sizes, straight drama about 350450 muon m, it includes fiber, spread into neurons and intermediate neurons, directly or indirectly, through into fibers in each layer of cells column of complex repeatedly, and then to loop with into neurons. Cortical

For all kinds of information into cortex were analyzed, the reaction. From the cerebral hemisphere the same or the opposite of the joint to fiber into 2, 3 layers, and cone cells formed synapses. The cerebral cortex spread fiber points and fiber projection fiber two. Projections from the first five main layer of cells and 6th layers cone of large
Spindle cells, downward brainstem and spinal cord. Since the first joint fiber up 3, 5, and 6 layers of cone cells and spindle cells and distribution in the cortex and the lateral side brain areas. Coriaceous 2, 3, 4 layers of cells with each layer of cells mainly linked, micro loop of the complex neural information analysis and integration and
Storage. The brain nerve activity may with the top of the micro loop has close relationship.
The cerebral cortex layer structure for the six different brain regions. Such as the former back (movement) layer 4 with no obvious, the first five layer is developed, has enormous pyramidal cells (cell), The isual cortex layer 4 special developed, 5 layers of cells. Some

Follows:
(1) molecules (molecular layer) : neurons, mainly is small and level of cells and astrocytes, there are many and cortical surfaces of parallel nerve fibers.
(2) the granular layer (layer) : external granular mainly by many astrocytes and a few small cone cells.
(3) the pyramidal cells (external pyramidal layer) : the thicker, by many medium and small cone cells and astrocytes.
(4)
Granular layer (layer) : internal granular cells populated, majority is astrocytes.
(5) within the cone cell layer (layer) : internal pyramidal consists mainly of medium and large cone cells. In the central area, the former back movement has enormous pyramidal cells, layer cell bodies high 120 mu m, width of 80 mu m, says its top dendritic cells, Betz, to the
Brainstem and descending into axons spinal cord.
(6) pleomorphic cell layer (layer) : polymorphic spindle cells, and cone cells and granular cells.
The cerebral cortex layer 14 main accept to impulse. From the ex afferent fiber thalamus (various sensory afferent uplink fiber) mainly into the first four layers and astrocytes formed synapses, astrocytes of axons and other cells, thereby establishing wide contact

Cell), the level of horizontal cells (cell) and basket basket cells (cell) etc. With most of them stellate cells, most short axons, and terminated in the cone cells near or spindle cells. Some of the stellate cells long axons, upward toward the cortical surfaces, and pyramidal cells or cell top dendrites. Levels of dendritic cells and axons and parallel distribution,
And the surface of cortex pyramidal cells top dendritic contact. Therefore, the granular cell is the cerebral cortex (middle), and partial neurons in the cortex, constitute the information transmission complex micro loop.
(3) spindle cells (fusiform cell) : quantity and sizes. Large spindle cells are projected neurons in the cortex and deep, the main distribution, dendritic cell body spindle cells from
The upper and lower ends up, top dendritic cortical surfaces. The lower axons, enter the dendritic medulla, projection fiber or joint fiber.
The cerebral cortex.
2 the cerebral cortex layer of these neurons in the cortex is arranged, except the layered way of individual brain regions, can generally be divided into six floors, from the surface to the deep structure is as

And longitudinal longitudinal crack fissure), the former to be divided into two after brain hemisphere, cerebral hemisphere cerebral hemisphere. Between the two hemispheres of the corpus callosum, the corpus connected together, make the two hemispheres of the nerve conduction to interchange.
The cerebral cortex
1 the neurons in the cortex of neurons in the cortex types are multipole neurons, according to its
Cells form into pyramidal cells, cells and spindle cells three categories.
(1) the cone cells (quantity) : pyramidal cell, can be large, medium and small type. Like cone cell shape, the Lord sent a thicker, reach cortical surfaces, dendritic along the small branches, many cell bodies still around to send some level of dendrites. The body of the bottom axons, different
Length, the shorter the scope of cortex, where the elders from cortex and medulla (white) enter, projection fiber (downward brainstem or spinal cord) or combined fiber (to the same or the opposite of another cortex). Therefore, the cerebral cortex pyramidal cells are the main project (spread) neurons.
(2) granular cells (granular cell) : most. Small cell bodies, granular, including astrocytes (stellate

Resection of the injury, also can make the vault in recent memory loss patients. Thus, the hippocampus loop activities and recent memory has close relationship. The loop is: the hippocampus  the vault, hypothalamic papillae and thalamus nucleus  to  before the hippocampus. At any point in the loop, will cause damage in recent memory loss.Other effectsCerebral cortex in temperature adjustment plays
An important role. Through the body temperature adjustment of conditional reflex. With cold or hot visual and auditory stimulation of the relevant can make the body metabolization leels. At low or high temperatures, place or hot environment intercooled stimulation and homework time and place with conditions such as many can form reflex, make the body used to environment. In addition,
The human body temperature and behavioral regulation. The body can through conscious activity to adjust temperature. Like humans, still can create artificial climate make temperature more comfortable.
The cerebral cortexCerebral cortex is one of the brain’s surface by gray, and the thickness of about 1 to 4mm, the most by the white matter. The brain is a chasm between the brain

With the reaction activity is simple, While many of the limbic system is the primary central activity, it can adjust by promoting or inhibit the primary central activity, adjust the physiological functions of activity is more complex, so activity is complicated and changeable reaction. 2 the limbic system and emotional reaction the amygdala is part of the evolution of ancient,
Inhibit the hypothalamus defense response function, When the hypothalamus lost control of the amygdala, animal is easy to performance, appear a series of defense responses of the sympathetic nervous system excited, and bared hyperthyroidism, fight. In normal animals in the hypothalamus, the reaction by the amygdala, animal control becomes compared to tame. So the limbic system and emotional reaction is
Concerned. 3 the limbic system and memory function and memory function may be relevant seahorse. Due to the need for bilateral temporal and surgical resection of the patient, such as damage the hippocampus and related structures, cause loss of memory capacity recently, After surgery for daily meet event memory loss. Clinically observed, due to the third ventricle cyst and surgical

Smell brain, But now, its function is far more than these, but the important central visceral adjustment. Due to the edge of the structure and function of the leaf in the cerebral cortex and the island, leaf, the temporal orbital back, and subcortical amygdala, every area, the hypothalamus, the thalamus nucleus, before is closely related to the edge, then someone
Leaves with the structure of the limbic system (collectively referred to as the figure 1117). The limbic system function is more complex, it and internal activity, emotional responses, memory and other relevant activities. 1 the limbic system of internal adjustment function stimulating the limbic system caused by different parts of the plant is very complex, the reaction pressure can raise
Or lower, breathing can accelerate bowel movement, or can be more or less, pupil can enlarge or shrink, etc. The experimental results, the function of the system and the edge of a central not, Stimulation of the reaction can be primary center, and stimulate certain changes the results of the limbic system. Can imagine, primary central function is limited, compared

The cerebral cortex and through by descending subcortical nuclei (mainly refers to the basal ganglia) in yuan, take control of spinal motor neuron conduction system, called the origins of the cortex extrapyramidal.(4) new cortexIn animal experiments, CLP, besides can stimulate new cortex caused by body movement, also can cause reaction of visceral changes. Stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex inside
Rectum and bladder, can produce the sports change, Stimulation of the lateral to the former, breathing and movement of blood vessels; The former central to stimulate the bottom, can produce digestive movement and the secretion of saliva. The results show that the new cortex and viscera activities related to the regional distribution, and the distribution and physical exercise are representative.
Electrical stimulation of the human brain cortex could be seen similar results.(5) edgeLeaf refers to the edge of the cerebral hemisphere in connection with the brainstem, beside the corpus callosum and circumferential structure, It brought by the buckle, hippocampus, the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus. This part of the structure was considered only contact with the smell, and called the

The main origin, cone system after the central region is back and other parts of the system, the origin cone. The fifth floor exercise before the return of large taper cone cells in the beam diameter fibers are relatively bulky, the myelin sheath fibers to six small cell, also fiber into cones, After the central region is a fiber and
Composition of beam in cone, but not the downlink fiber auxiliary motion into cones.(3) extrapyramidalExtrapyramidal is a complex concept. In anatomy, extrapyramidal refers not through the system, adjust the muscle cone motion system, therefore the basal ganglia and cerebellar on muscle motion control system belong to extrapyramidal. But in clinical, extrapyramidal means only subcortical some nuclei (tail nuclear, shell, CangBaiQiu,
Black, red nuclear etc) on spinal motor neuron control system in their downline sizes in the medulla oblongata cone. Therefore, the clinical extrapyramidal concept is narrow and be like with cerebral cortex. But, now know these nuclear group not only accept cortex downlink fiber connection, also have to pass the thalamus cerebral cortex of fiber connection uplink. Therefore, at present